Background and purpose: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represent the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is identifying vulnerability factors and destruction of ecosystems, to prevent further destruction by other project and also to show feasibility of future development to decision markers. Method: first The study area was partitioned into 94 cells, 1600 ha each and then Fourteen degradation factors were identified along with their intensity using land use map, field observations and expert views. So the determination of ecological susceptibility and physiological density was determined and all cells were classified to 4 categories: recommended for development, zones that require reconstruction, protection and cells hadn't development potential based on fuzzy theory. Results: The results show that from 94 cells, 22 cells (23. 40% of the total area) require reconstruction, 37 cells (39. 36% of total area) have no development potential, and 35 cells (37. 22% of total area) are recommended for development. Discussion and Conclusion: The effects of destructive activities (which are mainly destructive effects of tourism activities) in the region are obvious, so that destructive activities such as land use change and river pollution to the region on the one hand. They are the main causes of destruction of the 94 cell, 21 cell due to faults and 16 cell due to being in the Binalood protected area, have no development potential. 35 cell are recommended for development in first to third priorities, these cells are in low physiological density area and 22 cell due to high physiological density and severity destructive agents has a high degradation coefficient and need to be reconstructed, and therefore any future development in this area, should be excluded.

We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ perception and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ perception of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' perceptions about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their perception of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The perception index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive perception index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The perception index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The perception index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall perception index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest perception index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the perception that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the perception that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the perception that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

Quality of life is a broad concept whose dimensions depend on the level of development of societies. Often people have different choices while deciding upon the place to live, which makes it livable for them in neighborhoods. Indexes that define the livability might vary accordingly, but many common platforms with diverse parameters are created to measure and compare the livability of different regions but many of them depends on the locals’ approaches. The current research method is analytical-descriptive, and the objective type is practical. The method of collecting information was based on library studies and field observations up to the Torghabeh region in the Mashhad city of Iran. First, the basic concepts such as livability, urban livability at the scale of localities were investigated and the research framework was extracted. After that, based on the number of factors extracted from the theoretical framework, using the fuzzy Delphi method, the factors were digitally determined by the questionnaire technique from 16 elites and experts in the research field in 3 rounds, and finally the final indexes were explained. Results show indexes of Sense of belonging, Health, Public transportation, and Housing have the highest score and as a result, the most impact in realizing the construction and working model. In a future study we can evaluate all of indexes in case studies in acute approaches to carry out the effects of the index in macro scale drives.

Ecotourism is the branch of tourism but recognizing of its border with tourism is not consider easy because of absent precise definition, In order to achieving success ecotourism it should pass constant development.Access to constant development is related to economic, social, culture, environment, ecology aspect in society and tourism as effective activity on all of these aspects require suding. In this research consider constant development in rural and urban with explaining common elements.concepts of constant development in different view. This studu show that beneficiary process, in this time, from nature is beyond from capacity of environment and there is fear from serious damage and destroy of nature and also economy.

Background and Objective: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represents the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is to identify the destruction factors and susceptibility degree in ecosystems in order to prevent further destruction by other projects and to show the feasibility of future development to decision markers. Method: The study area was firstly partitioned into 94 cells (1600 ha) and then 14 degradation factors along with their intensity were identified using land use map, field observations and expert views. Ecological susceptibility and physiological density were then determined and all cells were classified into four categories as recommended for development, required for reconstruction, required for protection and cells with no development potential based on fuzzy theory. Findings: The results show that 22 cells (23. 40% of the total area) out of 94 cells require reconstruction, 37 cells (39. 36% of total area) have no development potential, and 35 cells (37. 22% of total area) are recommended for development. Discussion and Conclusion: The effects of destructive activities in this region (that is mainly due to the detrimental effects of tourism activities) were evident, so that the destructive activities such as change in land use and land cover, on the one hand, and waste and rivers pollution, on the other hand, were found as the main causes of destruction in the region. Out of 94 cells, 21 cells and 16 cells had no development potential due to faults and due to being in Binalood protected area respectively. 35 cells are recommended for development in first to third priorities; these cells are in low physiological density area. 22 cells, due to high physiological density and severity of the destructive agents, have a high degradation coefficient and need to be reconstructed, and therefore should be excluded from any future development.

Recent experiences on disregarding the environment and continuous development have caused human to conclude that the only way to protect nature in long-term is to pay attention to environmental abilities and limitations. One of the most actions taken in this regard in management and development planning is to determine ecosystem vulnerabilities. In this way, by identifying vulnerable and sensitive areas, one will be able to prevent developments beyond the ecological abilities. Torghabeh-Shandiz Township is one of the regions in Razavi Khorasan province that was under constant developments such as buildings, establishing new residential complexes (apartments and villas) during the recent years, mostly for tourism. The objective of this study is to determine and to classify the ecological vulnerability in this area using the “objective method”. For this, the region was transformed into 94 cells, 1600 ha each, and the vulnerability and classification of each cell were calculated based on different environmental gradients such as: slope, aspect, elevation, soil depth, vegetation density, climate, and geology. The results show that 19.21% of the total area was vulnerable, 53.35% sensitive, 18.4% susceptible, and 9.28% of it was classified in resistant category.

Background and Objective: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represents the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is to identify the destruction factors and susceptibility degree in ecosystems in order to prevent further destruction by other projects and to show the feasibility of future development to decision markers. Method: The study area was firstly partitioned into 94 cells (1600 ha) and then 14 degradation factors along with their intensity were identified using land use map, field observations and expert views. Ecological susceptibility and physiological density were then determined and all cells were classified into four categories as recommended for development, required for reconstruction, required for protection and cells with no development potential based on fuzzy theory. Findings: The results show that 22 cells (23. 40% of the total area) out of 94 cells require reconstruction, 37 cells (39. 36% of total area) have no development potential, and 35 cells (37. 22% of total area) are recommended for development. Discussion and Conclusion: The effects of destructive activities in this region (that is mainly due to the detrimental effects of tourism activities) were evident, so that the destructive activities such as change in land use and land cover, on the one hand, and waste and rivers pollution, on the other hand, were found as the main causes of destruction in the region. Out of 94 cells, 21 cells and 16 cells had no development potential due to faults and due to being in Binalood protected area respectively. 35 cells are recommended for development in first to third priorities; these cells are in low physiological density area. 22 cells, due to high physiological density and severity of the destructive agents, have a high degradation coefficient and need to be reconstructed, and therefore should be excluded from any future development.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The tourism industry is one of the most important sources of wealth in the undeveloped economies. However, it is not without costs, and there are serious social damages in tourism. Safety and security of tourists is the one of the issues that governments always face. One of the crucial issues in security is the security of pilgrims and tourists. The research method is descriptive- analytic. In this study, both library research and field study are used. First, the library research was conducted on the issue. Then using field study (survey), observations, and interviews with tourists and completing the questionnaire, the required information, and statistics were gathered. The study population included all the urban tourists entering the city in 2015. The sample sizes were determined using Cochran sampling formula. In this study, with the certainty level of 95% and the error probability of 5%, the sample size (n=300 tourists) was calculated for the city. Sampling was performed in simple random method with a multi-stage cluster, which is suitable for vast areas.In addition, to increase its validity, the nominal and content validity methods were used. To determine the reliability of the questionnaires, 30 questionnaires were reformed, typed, preliminarily tested, and completed.After completing the questionnaires and entering them in the SPSS software, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for them. The results of this study showed that a high percentage of the tourists regard the city of Torghabeh a tourist site with good security. Of the entire samples, 225, 66, and 9 tourists, respectively scored the city with high security (75%), medium security (22%) and low security (3%). Moreover, the results indicated that a high percentage of the tourists are willing to travel and spend their leisure time in this city again. However, there is a direct (positive), yet partially weak, relationship between the age of tourists and social security (0.148).In other words, with the aging of the tourists, the sense of social security also relatively will rise. There is direct and significant relationship between the variables (the sense of security in urban public spaces and the sense of social security.